The Ramayana is not a
myth. It is actual historical event but we can find many Vedantic metaphors in
Ramayana. Like a ring leader who puts up a show, Paramatma enacted Ramayana. By
enacting Ramayana He has made it easier for us to learn the Vedantic meanings. In
this day and age it is difficult for people to study the Vedas but it is easy
for anyone to study the Ramayana.
The human body can be
compared to the city of Ayodhya
with the nine gates. Like Ayodhya our body has nine openings through which the
soul (we) can exit. King Dasharatha may represent our mind with the ten senses.
With the help of our mind and by bringing our senses under control we must
install Paramatma along with Goddess Sri Devi in our heart as our emperor. In
the end Lord Rama takes all His citizens to Sri Vaikuntham. Paramatma when
installed as the emperor in our heart will surely take us to Sri Vaikuntham at
the time when we must leave our bodies behind.
The Ashwamedha Sacrifice:
This a sacrifice in which a horse is sacrificed. The Brihadaranya Upanishad
states that the creator under the name of Mrityu (Death) became the horse
sacrificed in the Ashwamedha ritual. It is said that in the beginning nothing
existed. He as Death made up his mind
to become atmanvi. He brought forth
water from which sprang earth. He got Fire by toiling the Earth and from Fire
Air. Hankering Death wanted a second
Atman to be born. By combining his mind with speech he brought forth the entire
universe. Whatever he brought forth he began to eat. Desiring his body to be
fit for sacrifice, he became the
horse. He let the horse loose for a year; after the completion of one year, he
sacrificed the horse to Himself. This
analogy is modeled on the life of warriors who give up their life to protect
many.
This sacrificial rite
indicates the self-sacrifice made by
the creator to become the many forms by which he starts creation. It can also
be said that, “He the Self, rides on the
horse which is himself, to reach Himself”. By this He is also said to
conquer recurring death. Hankering Death and His desire to eat all represent
his wish for us to reach him. He shows us the way through his self-sacrifice by
which he rides on himself to reach him. He is the sacrificial victim, the
sacrificial fire and the enjoyer of the sacrifice. This teaches us about the
way to reach the Supreme Brahman. We need to sacrifice ourselves unto him
wholeheartedly. We also need to ride on him to reach him. That is He is the means as well as the end. The
texts also say that Vak the wife of Brahma the creator went away from him and
entered the sacrificial horse representing the fact that she is one with him.
In the Sri Vaishnava belief the Goddess Sri is worshiped with Lord Vishnu and
both of them together are the means as well as the end.
King Dasharatha obtained
Lord Vishnu the Supreme Brahman as his son by conducting the Ashwamedha
Sacrifice. The word Ashwa has many meanings. It also refers to an empire
or a nation. It refers to the Sun and letting the horse loose for a year
symbolizes the Sun’s yearly travel. Ashwa also refer to our senses. The
sacrifice of the horse mentioned in the Vedas is actually a sacrifice of the
senses. The Vedas clearly state that animals are not to be slaughtered and actually
sacrificed. The Srimadh Bhagawatam also clearly states that anyone who
sacrifices animals will go to a special kind of hell where the sacrificed
animals will come and torment the sacrificer. Lord Vishnu prohibits animal
sacrifices. Since King Dasaratha and Queen Kausalya obtained Lord Vishnu
himself as their son it can be safely claimed that they did not actually
sacrifice a horse. If they had slaughtered a horse, they would have gone
against the Vedas in which case they wouldn’t have obtained the divine grace of
Lord Vishnu. The Valmiki Ramayana states that Queen Kausalya symbolically
slaughtered the horse and spent a night with the dead horse. This verse
actually means that she brought her senses under control and meditated on the
Supreme Brahman throughout the night. The Valmiki Ramayana also states that in
the morning “the horse flew away”. If the horse referred to here is an actual
dead horse, how can it sprint away? The horse flying away could refer to the
Queen who is the self; the self is released from the power of the senses and
finds the Supreme-Self. Only substitutions in the form of plant matter is used
in the enactment of this ritual. King Dasaratha performed this sacrifice
properly as per the Vedas and was blessed to obtain Lord Vishnu as his son.
The Valmiki Ramayana is said to be a
condensed version of the Vedas. It teaches Vedanta philosophy and emphasizes on
the way to reach God. The Valmiki Ramayana also uses many symbols just like the
Vedas to help people understand the Vedantic philosophy. As the subject matter
dealt with is difficult to comprehend by regular people, the rishis used
allegories to explain the difficult concepts.
Hence the Vedic texts did not mean actual sacrifice
of horses but when the verses were read by people who did not grasp the actual
meaning, the texts were translated to mean slaughter and sacrifice the horses.
Lord Rama kills two
demons during His trip with sage Vishwamitra. He kills Taraka &
Subahu. With His third arrow He chases Maricha. Taraka represents Avidhya or
ignorance. Subahu & Maricha are the sons of Taraka. They represent the
karmas we have committed because of the presence of Avidhya. He kills Subahu to
show us that when we perform prapatti (surrender) to Him, He will kill all our
Sanchita Karmas. He chased Maricha away from Vishwamitra’s yagna sala with an
arrow. Similarly, He will chase our Prarabhdha Karmas and prevent the
accumulation of new Karmas by chasing them away from us. Karmas can be divided
into two classes; Sanchita Karma & Prarabhdha Karma. Sanchita Karma is like
a bank account. It contains all the papams (sin) and punyams (good deeds) we
have accumulated in our previous births.
Prarabhdha Karma is
like the money we withdraw from a bank account. At each birth, Paramatma
assigns us a portion of karmas from the Sanchita Karma account so that we can
spend it. We enjoy both the good and bad fruits yielded by the prarabhdha
karma. We extinguish a portion of our total accumulated karmas in the form of
Prarabhdha karmas at every birth. According to this eventually the sanchita and
prarabhdha karma accounts should come to zero and we should be liberated from
Samsara. But this is not the case. As we are undergoing the effects of
Prarabhdha karma, our actions also cause us to accumulate new karmas. Paramatma
saves us from this never ending cycle when we surrender to Him. He burns our
accumulated karma and He drives away any new karmas. This is indicated when He
kills Subahu but drives away Maricha. The importance of an Acharya is also
shown here as it is sage Vishwamitra who requests Lord Rama to destroy Taraka,
Subahu & Maricha. The blessings of a good Acharya is required to perform
prapatti to Sriman Narayana so that the Lord can destroy our ignorance as well
as karmas.
Maricha the demon at Ravana’s
bidding, took the form of a golden deer to lure Rama away from Sita so that
Ravana can kidnap Her. Maricha represents illusion of the senses. Maricha comes
in the form of a deer because, the mirage is called as Mrigatrishna in
Sanskrit. The illusions generated by our senses try to distance us from
Paramatma.
The forest
of Dandakaranya
is similar to our mind. The forest is home to both the Rishis & Rakshashas.
Similarly our mind is home to both good & bad thoughts. The bad
inclinations arising in our mind try to overpower the good thoughts. There is
constant battle between good and evil within us. We do not have the power to
defeat the evil but when we surrender to Paramatma he destroys our bad thoughts.
Rama killed Vali. The
name Vali means ‘one with tail’ whereas the name Sugriva means ‘one with a good
face’. Rama killing Vali denotes the Soma sacrifice. The Soma creeper is often
called as the moon’s tail. Vali is the Soma creeper and Sugriva is Agni. Rama
offer soma creeper in the fire. This represents self-sacrifice. We must
sacrifice ourselves and offer ourselves as oblation to the Supreme Brahman. In
Ramayana, Vali is killed and Angada the son of Vali is made the crown prince.
Angada can be seen as the self as well. The name Angada means ‘one who gives up
his body’. Thus Angada is the liberated self who is in harmony with Paramatma
because he offered himself as the oblation to Paramatma. Vali is the father and
Angada is his son; it can be said that the son is an incarnation of the father
i.e both are the same self. Through
the soma sacrifice, the self is not destroyed but exists in harmony with the
Supreme Brahmam.
Sita Devi represents a soul (jeeva atma); we are souls (Sita Devi is
goddess Lakshmi; she is equal to lord Vishnu & she is not a jeeva atma.
This is just a representation). She is imprisoned in Sri
Lanka just like we are imprisoned in our body. Sri
Lanka is ruled by Ravana and he has 10 heads; our
body is ruled by our mind controlled by the 10 sense organs ( taste, smell,
touch, hearing & sight plus there are sense organs part of the reproductory
& excretory systems) The sense organs make us crave things which we should
avoid. Ravana tries to entice Sita Devi by displaying his wealth & prowess
but she ignores him; similarly we should ignore the stimuli from our sense
organs and concentrate on God. Lord Rama is the only one who could come &
rescue her; we can be rescued from our body & from samsara only by Lord
Vishnu. Hanuman acted as the messenger & conveyed Sita Devi’s plight to
Lord Rama; he was instrumental in bringing Lord Rama to save Sita Devi. This
shows that we need a good guru to convey our plight to Lord Vishnu and to
convince the Lord to come and save us.
From another angle,
Ravana can be viewed as the soul and his ten heads as the ten sense organs.
Sita Devi is Brahma Vidhya because She is the wife of Rama the Supreme Brahman.
Ravana coveting Sita can be seen as him coveting the Supreme Brahman as Brahma
Vidhya & Brahman always exist together. After receiving spiritual alms from
Sita (Brahma Vidhya) he carries her away. He aims at the Supreme Brahman
through Brahma Vidhya. He ignores the council of all others to give up Brahma
Vidhya and installs Her in his heart. Hence Ravana is seen as a mumukshu, a
soul seeking liberation. Killing Ravana’s son Indrajit represents the
destruction of cunning and deceit arising in our mind. Killing Kumbhakarna
represents ending lethargy and sluggishness. The destruction of Ravana’s army
represent the destruction of all the jeeva atmas accumulated Karma by
Paramatma. In the end Ravana is freed from his body. Through Vaidehi (another
name of Sita), he becomes Videha. Videha means without body and shows that he
is liberated from his embodied state.
Hence we must realize the
Supreme Self as the soul of our selves. We should rely on the powers of
Paramatma to defeat our internal enemies and to free us from samsara. This is
the Vedantic meaning of Ramayana.
Reference:
Essays on Indo-Aryan
Mythology by Narayan Aiyangar